EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATIONS OF CELLULASE ON BIO-POLISHING PROCESS OF COTTON FABRICS
EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATIONS OF CELLULASE ON BIO-POLISHING PROCESS OF COTTON FABRICS
 |
| Cotton Fabrics |
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 What
is bio-polishing:
The Bio-Polishing
Process is the process of removing short fiber so that it will not create the
pilling. Pilling is the defect of cotton fabric surface. Bio-polishing is
needed for treatment the cotton fiber surface, because of cotton has more
tendency to pilling so it is required to treat the fabrics by enzyme which is
bio-polishing process.
Because it remove the short fiber from fabric
surface the quality of the fabric is better than before bio-polishing and it
improve fabric quality.
1.1.2 Objective of the study:
The broad objective
of the study is to
study the effects of concentrations of cellulase on the bio-polishing process
of cotton fabrics.
The specific objectives are given below:
To study the effects of
different conditions of cellulase after bio-polishing process of cotton fabrics. To know about the changes
of CPI, WPI, Stitch length, weight loss and the yarn count of fabrics and
determine the variation in result of cotton fabric on different concentrations.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Removing the short fiber from fabric surface is called
bio-polishing. Short fiber create pill formation on fabric surface. The process
where the short fiber are removed is called bio-polishing process. Maintaining
the process enzyme is use for bio-polishing. It improved the fabric quality for
next process [1-2].
2.1.2 Why bio-polishing is required:
Enzymes are used widely now a days. There are some popular uses of
wash like stone wash. The process of treatment the fabrics with enzyme is
called bio-polishing. It is environmental friendly and biodegradable.
Knitted goods are treated with enzymes for removing the pill rate
and improve fabric handle. There is tendency of pilling rate formation onto
cotton fabric surface. So removing that is treat with enzyme.
Because it remove the short fiber the fabric looks beautiful, hand
feel is good, improving the absorb property of the fabrics. It also improve the
chemical and dye absorption properties [4, 7].
There are some parameter why it needed:
1.
It can be remove the hairy
fiber from fabric surface.
2.
It improve the fabric quality
for next process.
3.
It improve the fabric handle
properties.
4.
It increases softness of the
fabric.
5.
It improve the appearance of
the fabrics.
6.
It removes the pilling tendency
7.
It improve the fabrics for ready
the fabric for next process.
2.1.3 Process variable for bio-polishing:
1.
Concentration: we know
bio-polishing is eliminating the short fiber. It is done by the enzyme
treatment. If we made the recipes concentration variable then we get the variable result
of bio-polishing. If we test the pilling rate then we get variable pilling
rate.
2.
Temperature: it is one of the
variable parameter of bio-polishing. If we take the temperature as 20oc,
30oc, 40oc, 50oc then the bio-polishing of 20oc
is less treatment than 30oc, 40oc is less than 50oc
and 70oc is over bio-polishing than standard temperature. The
standard temperature is around 50oc.
3.
pH: one of the most important
parameter of changes the bio-polishing. Changes pH changes the bio-polishing
treatment. So we should maintain the standard pH. The standard pH is 4.5-5.5.
4.
M: L: ratio of material and
liquid is very important parameter of bio-polishing. If we take more water than
bio-polishing is less, if we take less water bio-polishing is not occurring
than less water.
2.1.4 Bio-polishing enzyme:
In recent year enzymes are used in textile sector widely. Enzymes
are used for bio-polishing process. Enzymes are known as catalyst which
catalyze more than 5000 chemical reaction. Some example of the enzymes are
proteins, catalytic RNA molecules etc.
Though Enzymes are one kind of catalyst so it increase the reaction
rate. Some enzymes can increase the reaction millions times of faster. An
example is orotidine five phosphate decarboxylase which increase the reaction
rate on the other hand it will take more times. Enzymes work is affected by
other molecule. Some molecule de-active the enzymes work it is called
inhibitor, some example of inhibitor is drugs and poison etc. some molecules
are responsible for active the enzyme activity is called activator and the
example is hexokinase.
There are wide range of use of enzymes like Chemical industry, pharmaceutical,
food & beverage, textile industry etc. Though it could not survive in
organic solvent and high temperature so the chemical engineer researches and
creates the types of enzyme which is survive under high temperature and solvent
[8-10].
Some uses of enzymes:
1.
Cellulases are used for
bio-polishing.
2.
Ligninases are used for
pretreatment for biofuel production.
3.
Some biological detergent is
used in laundry for example amylases, proteases etc.
4.
In food industry some enzymes
like amylases are used like biscuit industry.
5.
Nucleases enzyme are used in
molecular biology.
6.
In paper industry used enzymes
are xylanases, hemicellulases etc.
2.1.5 Advantages of bio-polishing:
1.
Removing projecting fibers.
2.
To remove Hairiness, and reduce
the pills.
3.
To make fabrics appearance is better.
4.
To improve fabrics hand feel.
5.
To improve of surface
smoothness, appearance and improved gloss.
6.
To improved material adaptability.
7.
To remove the pilling rate of
the fabrics.
8.
To convert the fabrics poor
quality to better quality where the fabrics are more glossy, appearance is
good, hand feel is better etc.
9.
To make the fabrics for next
process.
2.1.6 Disadvantages:
1.
Weight loss is occur.
2.
Strength loss is occur [3].
2.1.7 Cotton
fiber
Cotton is one kind of natural fiber. It is vegetable fiber which is
one kind of cellulose fiber. Around 90% cellulose is present in cotton fiber
where other is chromophore, oil, fat, wax, pectine etc. the cotton fiber is
made from cotton ball where the cotton ball is made from cotton hairy seed. In
hairy seed, remove the seed from the hair and then create the cotton ball. The
removing of seed is called seed germination. Then the cotton is made in the
form of lap and the lap is transfer to the carding machine where the machine
remove the short fiber and the dust to the cotton. After getting the cotton
sliver it is formed in rope, and then the rope is made in yarn, the yarn is
used for making the fabrics [11].
2.1.8 Structure of cotton:
Cotton is a
natural cellulosic fiber which structure is like this type:
Fig 2.1: Structure of Cotton
2.1.9 Cotton physical properties
Cotton
fiber has some physical qualities which are given below:
1.
Length: 0.5ʺ - 2.5″
2.
Strength (gram per denier): 3 – 5
3.
Dimensional solidness: medium
4.
Heat preventive power: medium
5.
Moisture recover: 7-10% (standard
8.5%)
6.
Stiffness: 57-60 g/d because of
high crystallinity
7.
Elasticity: 1.50-1.58
8.
Resiliency: low
9.
Abrasion opposition: medium
10.
Density (gram/cc): not actually
both silk and fleece anyway more than material fabric.
11.
Color: cream or yellow like clean
white.
12.
Specific gravity: 1.52-1.55 [11].
2.2.0
Chemical properties of cotton Fiber:
There are
many Chemical Properties which is given below:
1. Activity with dissolvable
base: Here, preventive power is incredible. Solvent base does not hurt cotton
fiber.
2. Activity with destructive:
Solid destructive damage the fibers. Concentrated sulphuric destructive and
hydrochloric destructive mischief the fiber. Notwithstanding, weak destructive
does not hurt the fiber.
3. Activity with blurring: No
hurting event is occurred here. Cotton is changed over into oxi-cellulose in
strong oxidizing blurring.
4. Action with normal dissolvable: Obstruction so dry is possible
here.
5. Light preventive power: Bright pillar changes over the cotton
into oxi-cellulose.
6. Development preventive power: Untreated troublesome. There is
credibility to be affected.
7. Shading limit: Partiality to shading is incredible. Quick,
responsive, sulfur and tank hues are used.
8. Frightening little animal preventive
power: Not affected by moth.
9. Warmth: Conductive squeezing
temperature is 150°C where rot is 2400°C and begin temperature is 390°C [11].
2.2.1 Cotton
scouring:
Scouring is the
process of removing the oil, fat, and waxes from fabric. Though cotton is
natural fiber so it has more natural fat than other fabrics. Removing this
natural fat from cotton fabrics is called cotton scouring. In scouring sodium
hydroxide is uses for removing the oil, fat, wax etc.
Reaction:
Sodium hydroxide
treat with the cellulose fiber where the sodium hydroxide remove the natural
impurities like oil, fat, wax etc.
2.2.2 Objective of
scouring:
To remove properties contaminations like oil, fat, wax and so on
containing in the fabrics without hamper the fabric surface.
1. To improve the shade of the surface of the fabrics.
2. To increase the hand feel of the fabrics.
3. To remove oil, fat, wax and make the fabric ready for next process
4. To remove the natural impurities and improve the absorption
properties of the fabrics.
2.2.3 Recipe of scouring:
Detergent: 1.0 g/L (S.sol-1%)
Sequestering agent: 1.0 g/L (S.sol-1%)
Caustic soda: 1.0 g/L (S.sol-1%)
Hydrogen Peroxide: 4.0 g/L (S.sol-3%)
Peroxide Stabilizer: 2 g/L (S.sol-2%)
Antifoaming Agent: 1 g/L (S.sol-1%)
Temperature: 95⁰C
Time: 60 minutes
pH: 10.5
2.2.4 Recipe of bio-polishing:
Cellulase: .3/.6/.9/.1.2/1.5/1.8% (S.Sol: 1%)
Acetic Acid: 0.8 g/L (S.Sol: 1%)
Wetting Agent: 1 g/L
(S.Sol: 1%)
Sample Weight:15gm
5gm s/j
5gm 1x1Rib
5gm plain interlock
M:L : 1:30
Temp: 50oC
Time: 15 mins
CHAPTER-3
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
CHAPTER-3
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
To complete
this project we took grey fabric samples,
it is cotton. The specification samples are mentioned below in the
Table:
Table 3.1: Grey fabric
specification
|
Sample no
|
Fabric
Composition
|
Fabric
Type
|
WPI
|
CPI
|
Stitch
Length(mm)
|
Yarn
Count(Ne)
|
|
1.
|
100%
Cotton
|
Single
jersey
|
35
|
45
|
2.86
|
35
|
|
2.
|
100%
Cotton
|
Plain interlock
|
31
|
55
|
1.73
|
31
|
|
3.
|
100%
Cotton
|
(1x1) Rib
|
44
|
54
|
3.15
|
30
|
3.1.1 Chemicals
used in scouring & bleaching:
·
Detergent
·
Sodium hydroxide
·
Hydrogen peroxide
·
Peroxide stabilizer
·
Sequestering agent
·
Antifoaming agent
3.1.2 Chemicals
used in bio-polishing:
·
Cellulase
·
Acetic Acid
·
Wetting Agent
3.1.3 Process flow chart of work:
Sample collection
Scouring and bleaching
Bio-polishing
Data recording
Table 3.2: Function of chemical
|
Chemicals name
|
Function of chemical
|
|
Detergent
|
To remove
stains, Dart and clean the material
|
|
NaOH
|
To remove
natural impurities so that it can absorb the dyes and chemical evenly
|
|
Peroxide
stabilizer
|
To keep the
hydrogen peroxide active during bleaching.
|
|
H202
|
To remove the
natural color of the fabric.
|
|
Sequestering
agent
|
It’s used to
reduce the water hardness and also to kill the metal ions.
|
|
Antifoaming agent
|
To de-activate
the foam formation
|
|
Acetic acid
|
To maintain
acidic medium
|
|
Wetting agent
|
To reduce the
surface tension of water and wet the material
|
3.1.4 Scouring
and bleaching:
Scouring is
removing the impurities, for example, oil, fat, waxes residue and soil from the
fabrics to make it water absorbent. Bleaching is the compound treatment for
removing natural color from the fabric. The material seems whiter after the
treatment process. Main purpose of scouring & bleaching is to eliminate
natural impurities & natural color so that it can absorb the water as well
as chemical and also prepare for next process.
Table
3.3: Recipe of scouring & bleaching
|
Particulates
|
Amount
|
|
Detergent
|
1
g/l s.sol 1%
|
|
Sodium hydroxide
|
1
g/l s.sol 1%
|
|
Hydrogen peroxide
|
4
g/l s.sol 3%
|
|
Peroxide stabilizer
|
2
g/l s.sol 2%
|
|
Sequestering agent
|
1
g/l s.sol 1%
|
|
Anti-Foaming Agent
|
1g/l
s.sol 1%
|
|
Sample Weight
|
90
gm
|
|
M:L
|
1:40
|
|
Temperature
|
950 C
|
|
Time
|
1
hour.
|
|
PH
|
10.5
|
Calculation:
Total liquor: 90
× 40 = 3600 ml Detergent: (1× 3600×100)/1000 = 360 ml
Sodium hydroxide:
(1×3600×100)/1000 = 360 ml Hydrogen peroxide: (4×3600×100)/1000 = 480 ml
Peroxide stabilizer: (2×3600×100)/1000 = 360 ml Sequestering agent:
(1×3600×100)/1000 = 360 ml
Anti-Foaming
agent: (1×3600×100)/1000=360 ml
Required Water:
3600-(360+360+480+360+360+360) =1320 ml
3.1.5 Process sequence:
Collection of sample
Scouring & bleaching at 95⁰C
Cold rinsing
Hot wash
Cold wash
Drying
|
950 C
|
|
450 C
|
|
Room Temperature
|
|
Drain
|
|
60 min
|
3.1.6 Process Curve of
scouring & bleaching: |
|||
 |
|||
Fig. 3.1: Process curve of scouring and bleaching of cotton
3.1.7 Bio-polishing:
Bio-polishing is a process of removing short fiber from
fabric surface so that the fabric surface should be smooth and hand feel is
good. It improve the fabric quality and make the fabrics appearance is better.
It is done for the next process because it is removing short fiber and make the
fiber water absorbent. The main purpose of bio-polishing is to remove pilling
rate. It is one kind of finishing process.
Table
3.4: Recipe of bio-polishing:
|
Particulates
|
Amount
|
|
Cellulase enzyme
|
0.3%,0.6%,0.9%,1.2%,1.5%, 1.8%. (S.sol 1%)
|
|
Acetic acid
|
0.8
g/l (S.sol 1%)
|
|
Wetting agent
|
1
g/l (S.sol 1%)
|
|
pH
|
4.5
|
|
Sample weight
|
90
gram (30gm Plain fabric, 30gm single jersey, 30gm rib)
|
|
M:L
|
1:30
|
|
Temperature
|
500 C
|
|
Time
|
15
min
|
Calculation:
Total liquor: 90
× 30 = 2700ml
Hence there are
6 type Enzyme so each sample needed water is: 2700/6=450/3=150 ml for 3 types
of fiber.
Acetic acid: (.8×150×100)/1000
=12ml
Wetting agent: (1×150×100)/1000=
15 ml
Sample no 1: (.3×150×100)/1000=4.5ml
required water is: 150-(12+15+4.5) =118 ml
Sample no 2:
(.6×150×100)/1000=9 ml required water is: 150-(12+15+9) =114 ml
Sample no 3:
(.9×150×100)/1000=13.5 ml required water is: 150-(12+15+13.5) =109.5 ml
Sample no 4:
(1.2×150×100)/1000=18 ml required water is: 150-(12+15+18) = 105 ml
Sample no 5:
(1.5×150×100)/1000=22.5 ml required water is: 150-(12+15+22.5) = 100.5 ml
Sample no 6: (1.8×150×100)/1000=27
ml required water is: 150-(12+15+27) = 96 ml
3.1.8 Process
flowchart of bio-polishing:
Collection
of sample
Bio-polishing
of sample at 50⁰C for 15 min
Cold
rinsing
Hot
Wash
Cold
wash
Drying
3.1.9
Process curve of bio-polishing|
500 C
|
|
15 min
|
|
Room Temperature
|
|
B/D
|
Fig. 3.2: Process curve of bio-polishing
3.2.0 Method of evaluation:
Determination of WPI & CPI
·
WPI & CPI is used for
measuring the yarn of knit fabric where WPI is wales per inch & CPI is course
per inch.
·
CPI & WPI is counting with
the magnifying glass:
·
To make wales and course wise one
inch marking with pen
·
After that set the marking to
the multiplier scale and count the CPI and WPI of that knitted fabric.
·
Counting is done by magnifying
counting glass.
Determination of WPI and CPI:
Introduction
The WPI means wales per inch, and CPI means course per inch. WPI and
CPI is that which is used for make a fabric. By this we can look at the fabrics
in unit zone which is used for measure the fabric loop and the course per one
square inch.
Determination
·
At first took the sample and
mark with pencil and counting the CPI per one inch.
·
Then the WPI is counting with
magnify glass in one inch.
·
Then collect the data and wrote
in thesis.
Calculation
Grey fabric WPI and CPI
·
For single jersey WPI = 35, CPI = 45
·
For (1x1) Rib WPI = 44, CPI = 54
·
For Plain Interlock WPI = 31,
CPI = 55
WPI and CPI after bio-polishing
For (1×1) rib
·
Using 0.3% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 44 and 55
·
Using 0.6% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 43 and 56
·
Using 0.9% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 44 and 55
·
Using 1.2% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 46 and 52
·
Using 1.5% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 47 and 54
·
Using 1.8% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 49 and 55
For single jersey
·
Using 0.3% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 34 and 44
·
Using 0.6% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 35 and 45
·
Using 0.9% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 36 and 46
·
Using 1.2% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 37 and 46
·
Using 1.5% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 38 and 44
·
Using 1.8% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 39 and 48
For plain interlock
·
Using 0.3% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 30 and 57
·
Using 0.6% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 31 and 55
·
Using 0.9% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 32 and 56
·
Using 1.2% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 33 and 54
·
Using 1.5% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 35 and 55
·
Using 1.8% Cellulase enzyme the
sample WPI and CPI show = 37 and 55
Percentage of WPI and CPI = [{previous WPI and CPI + present WPI and
CPI} / previous WPI and CPI] × 100
Determination of count:
Types of Numbering Systems:
There are two types of systems available which is given below:
·
Direct system
·
Indirect system
Indirect system:
No. of Hanks (Hank of 840
yards)
Count (Ne) =
---------------------------------------------------------
1 pound weight
Direct system:
In this system the length unit is fixed and the weight of the yarn. The
following system are direct systems:
·
Denier System means weight in
gram of 9000 meter of yarn.
·
Tex System means weight in gram
of 1000 meter of yarn.
Stitch
Length
Stitch length is
the width of the stitch made by a swing needle machine. The stitch length is
measured by measuring the number of lengths of thread found within one inch.
Stitch length measurement procedure
·
At first measure the length of
the yarn which is wales yarn.
·
Then count the wales which is
in between one inch of fabric.
·
Calculate the stitch length and
collect the data
For example,
The length of
wales yarn in between one inch of fabric is 98 & the wales per inch of the
fabric is 34 then the stitch length is 2.8 inch
Pilling:
Pilling is
formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is
caused by abrasion in wear.
Reasons for
pilling:
·
By abrasion of fabric to
fabrics or with other material.
·
By treatment with strong alkali
or scouring process it occur pilling.
·
By folding the fabric, it occur
pilling on to the fabric surface.
·
Short fiber causes the pilling
tendency of the fabrics.
·
By moving of fabric with body
create pilling.
·
By over twisting the yarn cause
more projecting fiber which then cause pilling to the fabric surface.
·
When making the yarn should not
follow the removing process of short fiber.
Decrease or minimizing pilling:
·
By maintaining the winding rate
of the yarn.
·
By brushing and editing of the
fabric surface to clear the fabric from the short fiber.
·
By burn projecting fiber from
the fabrics surface by maintaining the process of singing.
·
By using proper method against
pilling.
·
By using proper condition of
the method which is used for reduce pilling rate.
·
By decreasing movement of
filaments by methods for Air Jet turning process.
·
By using the bio-polishing
method to the fabric surface.
Pilling
after bio-polishing
For (1×1) rib
·
Using .3% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 30
·
Using .6% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 28
·
Using .9% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 28
·
Using 1.2% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 22
·
Using 1.5% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 21
·
Using 1.8% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 20
For single
jersey
·
Using .3% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 40
·
Using .6% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 38
·
Using .9% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 32
·
Using 1.2% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 30
·
Using 1.5% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 30
·
Using 1.8% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 25
For plain
interlock
·
Using .3% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 18
·
Using .6% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 17
·
Using .9% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 16
·
Using 1.2% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 15
·
Using 1.5% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 12
·
Using 1.8% Cellulase Enzyme the
sample Pilling show= 10
Some machine
used in this project:
·
Abrasion resistance &
Pilling tester
·
Color matching cabinet
·
GSM cutter
·
Electric Balance
·
Beesleys Balance
Abrasion
resistance & pilling tester:
Introduction:
Abrasion means rubbing of fabrics with fabrics, material and body.
The machine which is used for testing the abrasion and determine the pilling
rate per cycle like 200 cycle, 500 cycle, in minute etcetera is called the
abrasion & pilling tester.
Fig. 3.3: Abrasion resistance & pilling tester
Procedure:
·
At first cut the fabric into 4
pieces according to the measurement of the instrument.
·
Weigh these 4 pieces of fabric
samples.
·
Now place these samples in the
instrument under a certain load as supplied in the instrument.
·
Now start the machine and observe
the counter of abrasion number.
·
After an abrasion of 200 bring
out the first sample and weigh it.
·
After an abrasion of 300 bring
out the second sample and weigh it.
·
Similarly after abrasion of 400
and 500 bring out the third and fourth sample and take their weight.
·
Now put the weights before and
after abrasions in a table and find out their wear index.
Color matching
cabinet:
Color matching cabinet is a one kind of machine which is used for
checking color of the sample with the required sample. Here some light is used
like D65. It is also use for counting the pilling of fabrics under the machine
light box.
Application:
·
At first take the sample,
needle and magnifying glass.
·
Then switch on D65 light and
count the pilling of the fabric.
·
At last counting the pilling
and collect the data.
GSM cutter:
GSM implies grams per square meter of a woven and knit fabrics. It
determine the weight of the fabric within one square meter.
Mainly GSM cutter is a machine which cut the fabric as circular and
weight the cut fabric then count the gram per square meter.
Fig. 3.4: GSM cutter
Working
procedure of GSM cutter:
Taking the sample of fabric
↓
Taking the conditioning fabric for test on the G.S.M. cutter pad so
that no crease or crinkle is formed
↓
Cutting the fabric with G.S.M cutter
↓
Taking the weight of the cut fabric
↓
Get the GSM of the fabric and prepare the specimen for pilling test
Beesleys
Balance:
It is one kind
of counting balance scale which is used for determine the count of the
fabric.in this report we use knit fabric for counting.
Fig. 3.5: Beesleys Balance
Procedure:
·
At first pull out the yarn from
the fabric within one inch.
·
Then cut the yarn for balancing
at required length (we cut the fabric half inch)
·
Then set the balance to the
beesleys balance.
·
At last counting the yarn the
counting weight is the count of the fabric.
·
Collect the data and save the
data.
SAMPLE
ATTACHMENT
SAMPLE
ATTACHMENT
Sample after bio-polishing:
Sample of WPI and CPI in different
concentrations
|
Single
jersey
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample of WPI and CPI in different
concentrations
|
(1×1)
Rib fabric
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample of WPI and CPI in different
concentrations
|
Plain
interlock
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample
of stitch length, yarn count and weight loss% in different concentrations
|
Single
jersey
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample
of stitch length, yarn count and weight loss% in different concentrations
|
(1×1)
Rib
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample
of stitch length, yarn count and weight loss% in different concentrations
|
Plain
interlock
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample
of pilling in different concentrations
|
Single
jersey
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample
of pilling in different concentrations
|
(1×1)
Rib
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sample
of pilling in different concentrations
|
Plain
interlock
|
|||||
|
Amount
of cellulase enzyme
|
|||||
|
.3%
|
.6%
|
.9%
|
1.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.8%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CHAPTER- 04
DISCUSSION OF RESULT
CHAPTER- 04
DISCUSSION OF RESULT
4.1.0 Bio-polishing:
Bio-Polishing is a procedure that improves fabrics quality by
diminishing the pilling propensity and fluffiness of cotton fabrics. This
completing procedure connected to both cotton fabrics produces changeless
impact by the utilization of Enzymes. This procedure expels projecting strands
and slubs from cotton fiber essentially lessens pilling, relaxes fabrics and
give a smooth fabric appearance.
4.1.1 Changes
in CPI of different fabrics after bio-polishing:
After bio-polishing treatment there are change in CPI in different
fabrics with various concentration of Enzyme. The change in CPI is given below:
Fig. 4.1: CPI changes in different % concentrations enzymes
CPI means the course per inch which indicates the number of yarn
which is in course side and the number of yarn within one inch. The main study
of this graph is to determine
the changes in CPI after bio-polishing process in the concentrations of 0.3%, 0.6%,
0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5% and 1.8% of cellulase enzyme.
In this diagram we show the CPI change in different % concentration
Enzymes. Here we use different % of cellulase enzymes. Here X axis determine
the % of cellulase enzymes, and the Y axis show the CPI change in different %
concentration of enzymes. Different type of concentration show different types
of result. The change is a little. Different type of concentration show
different types of result, but the CPI is almost same. The different
concentration says different result. Here we used 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5%
and 1.8% concentrations of cellulase enzyme. By increasing the concentrations
the CPI is also increase or decrease. Here, CPI of plain interlock is
higher than (1×1) rib and single jersey fabric. The highest CPI of plain interlock
is 56 at 0.9% concentration of cellulase enzyme and the lowest CPI is 44 which is single jersey at 0.3%
and 1.5% concentrations of cellulase enzyme. Increase the % of concentration is
increases or decreases the CPI,
but the change is a little.
4.1.2 Changes in WPI after bio-polishing:
WPI means the wales per inch which indicates the number of loop
which is in wales side and the number of loop within one inch. The main study
of this graph is to determine
the changes in WPI after bio-polishing process in the concentrations of 0.3%, 0.6%,
0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5% and 1.8% of cellulase enzyme.
Fig. 4.2: Changes WPI after bio-polishing
In this diagram we show the WPI change in different % concentration
Enzymes. Here we use different % of cellulase enzymes. Here X axis determine
the % of cellulase enzymes, and the Y axis show the WPI change in different %
concentration of enzymes. Different type of concentration show different types
of result, because we used various concentration so the value of those are
various form each other.
This line indicate the increase the WPI after change of % of
cellulase enzymes 0.3% to 1.8%. In 0.3% the result of WPI of single jersey is
34, (1x1) Rib result is 44 and Plain fabric is 30, where in concentration of
1.8% the result of WPI of single jersey is 39, (1x1) Rib is 49 and Plain fabric
is 37. When we counting the WPI some values are same and some are increase to
previous or some are decrease to previous, but it increase the WPI
simultaneously. We use six different types of concentrations like 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%,
1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8% so the result of WPI shows different types of result.
So at last when we increase the concentration the WPI is also
increase but the result is not too much growth. The highest WPI shown by (1×1)
Rib then single jersey and at last the plain interlock fabrics. The result is
average.
4.1.4 Changes in stitch length (mm) after bio-polishing:
Fig. 4.3: Change in stitch length (mm) after bio-polishing
The line diagram indicate the change of stitch length after
bio-polishing. In this diagram we show the stitch length change in different %
concentration Enzymes. Here we use different % of cellulase enzymes. Here X
axis determine the % of cellulase enzymes, and the Y axis show the stitch
length change in different % concentration of enzymes. Different type of
concentration show different types of result. We used same type of cellulase
enzyme concentration like, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5% and 1.8%, where the
highest graph shown in the concentration of, .3% and the value shown by (1×1) Rib is 3.14,
then single jersey is 2.89 and at last the plain interlock fabric is 1.7. The
lowest graph shown by plain interlock in 1.8% concentration of enzyme is 1.65%,
then by single jersey is 2.85 and at last the (1×1) Rib is 3.1. if we saw the
graph it clearly told us if we increase the concentration of enzymes the change
in stitch length (mm) is decreasing.
The diagram says the (1x1) Rib has higher stitch length of then
single jersey and Plain fabrics. By increasing the concentration decreasing the
stitch length.
4.1.5 Change in yarn count after bio-polishing:
Fig. 4.4: Change in yarn count (Ne) after bio-polishing
The line diagram indicate the change of yarn count after
bio-polishing. In this diagram we show the Count change in different %
concentration enzymes. Here we use different % of cellulase enzymes. Here X
axis determine the % of cellulase enzymes, and the Y axis show the Count change
in different % concentration of enzymes. Different type of concentration show
different types of result, but count is almost same. The different
concentration says different count. Here we used 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5%
and 1.8% concentrations of cellulase enzyme. By increasing the concentrations
the count is also increase. Here, count of single jersey is higher than (1×1)
Rib and Plain interlock fabric. The highest count of single jersey is 37 at
1.8% concentration of cellulase enzyme and the lowest count is 30 which is
(1×1) rib and plain interlock at .3% concentration of cellulase enzyme.
Increase the concentration % is increases the count, but the change is
moderate.
The diagram says the Single jersey has higher Count then (1×1) rib
and plain interlock fabrics. By increasing the concentration increase the count.
4.1.6 After120 second abrasion, change in pilling after bio-polishing:
Fig. 4.5: Pilling change after bio-polishing
The line diagram indicate the change of pilling after
bio-polishing. In this diagram we show the pilling change in different %
concentration Enzymes. Here we use different % of cellulase enzymes. Here X
axis determine the % of cellulase enzymes, and the Y axis show the pilling
change in different % concentration of enzymes. Different type of concentration
show different types of result. Pilling is most important parameter which is
removed by bio-polishing if we increase the cellulase enzyme concentration then
pilling is decreased. We use 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5% and 1.8% of cellulase
enzymes. In 1.8% concentration shows lowest pilling rate and the .3% shows the
highest pilling rate. Single jersey shows highest pilling rate and plain
interlock fabric shows lowest pilling rate
Here, pilling of single jersey is higher than single
(1x1) Rib and Plain Fabric. The highest pilling of single jersey is 40 and the
lowest pilling is 10 which is Plain fabric. Increase the concentration % is
decreasing the pilling rate, but the change is a little.
4.1.7 Change in weight loss% after bio-polishing:
Fig. 4.6: Weight loss% after bio-polishing
The line diagram indicate the change of weight loss%
after bio-polishing. In this diagram we show the weight change in different %
concentration Enzymes. Here we use different % of cellulase enzymes. Here X
axis determine the % of cellulase enzymes, and the Y axis show the weight
change in different % concentration of enzymes. Different type of concentration
show different types of result. Concentration used in this report is 0.3%, 0.6%,
0.9%, 1.2%, 1.5% and 1.8%, in this study weight loss% is not increase rapidly
but it increases average. The highest Weight loss% shows at 1.8% concentration
of cellulase enzyme is single jersey and the lowest at .3% concentration is
plain interlock. If increasing the weight loss% then increases the
concentration of cellulase enzymes.
Here, weight loss% of single jersey is higher than (1x1)
Rib and Plain Fabric. The highest weight loss% of single jersey is 12 and the
lowest pilling is 2.4 which is Plain fabric. Increase the concentration % is
increasing the weight loss% is change simultaneously.
CHAPTER- 05
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER- 05
CONCLUSION
Here we got 18 sample where there are 3 basic sample they are single
jersey, (1×1) rib and interlock or plain where they divided at 30 gram which is
also divided into 6 pieces as 5 gram then our total sample is 90 gram. We use 6
types concentration of bio-polishing enzyme each concentration got 3 basic
sample like Single jersey, rib, interlock so this 6 type concentration got
total 18 sample which weight is 90 gram.
Here we got some point which is given below:
Change of CPI after
bio-polishing is increase simultaneously, the higher CPI is 57 which is plain
fabrics, and the lower CPI is 42 which is single jersey. If we average that the
result is 49.5 which is near the plain fabric. Change of WPI after
bio-polishing is also increase a little. The higher WPI is 49 which is (1x1) rib
and the lower WPI is 30 which is plain fabric. Change of stitch length
(mm) is happen simultaneously, the higher the stitch length is 3.14mm at 0.3%
cellulase enzyme which is (1x1) rib fabric, and the lower is 1.65mm at 1.8%
cellulase enzyme which is plain fabrics. Here yarn count is also
change. The higher yarn count is single jersey which is 37 at 1.8% cellulase
enzyme, and the lower is 30 at 0.3% cellulase enzyme which is (1x1) rib and
plain interlock fabrics. The most important
parameter is pilling, the higher is 40 at 0.3% cellulase enzyme which is single
jersey, and the lower is 12 at 1.8% cellulase enzyme which is plain fabrics. Because we treat the
fabrics is with the caustic soda and then bio-polishing them after it loses
some weight. The higher weight loss% is 12 at 1.8% cellulase enzyme which is
single jersey and the lower weight loss% is 2.4 at 0.3% cellulase enzyme which
is plain fabric.
At last we say there are
some advantages of bio-polishing which is essential for fabrics for achieving
good quality of final goods. By changing the conditions, result may also changes.
There is a little change in CPI and yarn count, also weight loss% of fabrics is
increasing by increases the concentrations. All the result between single
jersey and plain interlock has a significant gap except yarn count. So the
average result is yarn count.
REFERENCE
[1] http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2014/05/what-is-biopolishing-of-textiles.html
(Retrieved date 05/10/2018, Retrieved time 9.33 pm)
[2] http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/01/bio-polishing-of-knit-goods-and.html
(Retrieved date 05/10/2018, Retrieved time 9.33 pm)
[3] http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/10/bio-textile-application-of.html
(Retrieved date 05/10/2018, Retrieved time 9.33 pm)
[4] https://diutestudents.blogspot.com/2016/09/bio-polishing-of-100-cotton-knitted.html
(Retrieved date 05/10/2018, Retrieved time 9.33 pm)
[5] https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/6436/biopolishing
(Retrieved date 12/10/2018, Retrieved time 10.13 pm)
[6] http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2014/05/what-is-biopolishing-of-textiles.html
(Retrieved date 12/10/2018, Retrieved time 10.13 pm)
[7] https://www.slideshare.net/RupamPaul5/singeing-and-biopolishing
(Retrieved date 12/10/2018, Retrieved time 10.13 pm)
[8] https://www.slideshare.net/MdRafsanJany/bio-processing-of-textiles-rafsan-6th-39515183
(Retrieved date 26/10/2018, Retrieved time 4.47 pm)
[9] http://www.indiantextilejournal.com/articles/FAdetails.asp?id=3085
(Retrieved date 22/11/2018, Retrieved time 9.50 am)
APPENDIX
Table A1. Change in CPI after
bio-polishing:
|
Sample no
|
Sample name
|
CPI of
grey fabric
|
Change
in fabric CPI at 0.3% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric CPI at 0.3% enzymes
|
Change in
fabric CPI at 0.6% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric CPI at 0.6% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric CPI at 0.9% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric CPI at 0.9% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric CPI at 1.2% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric CPI at 1.2% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric CPI at 1.5% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric CPI at 1.5% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric CPI at 1.8% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric CPI at 1.8% enzymes
|
|
1
|
Single jersey
|
46
|
44
|
4.4
|
45
|
2.2
|
46
|
0
|
46
|
0
|
44
|
4.3
|
48
|
4.3
|
|
2
|
(1x1) Rib
|
54
|
55
|
1.9
|
56
|
3.7
|
55
|
1.9
|
52
|
3.7
|
54
|
0
|
55
|
1.9
|
|
3
|
Plain
Interlock
|
55
|
57
|
3.6
|
55
|
0
|
56
|
1.8
|
54
|
1.8
|
55
|
0
|
55
|
0
|
Table A2. Change in WPI after
bio-polishing:
|
Sample no
|
Sample name
|
WPI of
grey fabric
|
Change
in fabric WPI at 0.3% Enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric WPI at 0.3% Enzymes
|
Change
in fabric WPI at 0.6% Enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric WPI at 0.6% Enzymes
|
Change
in fabric WPI at 0.9% Enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric WPI at 0.9% Enzymes
|
Change
in fabric WPI at 1.2% Enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric WPI at 1.2% Enzymes
|
Change
in fabric WPI at 1.5% Enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric WPI at 1.5% Enzymes
|
Change
in fabric WPI at 1.8% Enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric WPI at 1.8% Enzymes
|
|
1
|
Single jersey
|
35
|
34
|
2.8
|
35
|
0
|
36
|
2.8
|
37
|
5.7
|
38
|
8.5
|
39
|
11.4
|
|
2
|
(1x1) Rib
|
45
|
44
|
2.2
|
43
|
4.4
|
44
|
2.2
|
46
|
2.2
|
47
|
4.4
|
49
|
8.8
|
|
3
|
Plain
Interlock
|
30
|
30
|
0
|
31
|
3.3
|
32
|
6.7
|
33
|
10
|
35
|
16.7
|
37
|
23.3
|
Table A3. Change in stitch length after
bio-polishing:
|
Sample no
|
Sample name
|
Stitch length of grey fabric (mm)
|
Change
in fabric stitch length (mm) at 0.3% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric stitch length at 0.3% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric stitch length (mm) at 0.6% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric stitch length at 0.6% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric stitch length (mm) at 0.9% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric stitch length at 0.9% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric stitch length (mm) at 1.2% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric stitch length at 1.2% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric stitch length (mm) at 1.5% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric stitch length at 1.5% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric stitch length (mm) at 1.8% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric stitch length at 1.8% enzymes
|
|
1
|
Single jersey
|
2.84
|
2.89
|
1.7
|
2.88
|
1.4
|
2.87
|
1.5
|
2.87
|
1.05
|
2.86
|
0.7
|
2.85
|
0.3
|
|
2
|
(1x1) Rib
|
3.1
|
3.14
|
1.2
|
3.13
|
.96
|
3.13
|
.96
|
3.12
|
.64
|
3.11
|
.32
|
3.10
|
0
|
|
3
|
Plain
Interlock
|
1.75
|
1.7
|
2.8
|
1.69
|
3.4
|
1.67
|
4.6
|
1.66
|
5.1
|
1.66
|
5.1
|
1.65
|
5.7
|
Table A4. Change in yarn count (Ne) after bio-polishing:
|
Sample no
|
Sample name
|
Yarn count of grey fabric (Ne)
|
Change
in yarn count (Ne) at 0.3% enzymes
|
% of
Change in yarn Count at 0.3% enzymes
|
Change
in yarn count (Ne) at 0.6% enzymes
|
% of
Change in yarn Count at 0.6% enzymes
|
Change
in yarn count (Ne) at 0.9% enzymes
|
% of
Change in yarn Count at 0.9% enzymes
|
Change
in yarn count (Ne) at 1.2% enzymes
|
% of
Change in yarn Count at 1.2% enzymes
|
Change
in yarn count (Ne) at 1.5% enzymes
|
% of
Change in yarn Count at 1.5% enzymes
|
Change
in yarn count (Ne) at 1.8% enzymes
|
% of
Change in yarn count at 1.8% enzymes
|
|
1
|
Single jersey
|
34
|
35
|
2.9
|
35
|
2.9
|
36
|
5.8
|
36
|
5.8
|
37
|
8.8
|
37
|
8.8
|
|
2
|
(1x1) Rib
|
30
|
30
|
0
|
30
|
0
|
31
|
3.3
|
32
|
6.7
|
33
|
10
|
33
|
10
|
|
3
|
Plain
Interlock
|
30
|
30
|
0
|
31
|
3.3
|
32
|
6.7
|
32
|
6.7
|
33
|
10
|
34
|
13.3
|
Table A5. Change in pilling after
bio-polishing:
|
Sample no
|
Sample name
|
Pilling of grey fabric
|
Change
in fabric pilling at 0.3% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric pilling at 0.3% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric pilling at 0.6% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric pilling at 0.6% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric pilling at 0.9% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric pilling at 0.9% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric pilling at 1.2% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric pilling at 1.2% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric pilling at 1.5% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric pilling at 1.5% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric pilling at 1.8% enzymes
|
% of
Change in fabric pilling at 1.8% enzymes
|
|
1
|
Single jersey
|
45
|
40
|
11.11
|
38
|
15.56
|
32
|
28.89
|
30
|
33.33
|
30
|
33.33
|
25
|
44.44
|
|
2
|
(1x1) Rib
|
37
|
30
|
18.92
|
28
|
24.32
|
28
|
24.32
|
22
|
40.54
|
21
|
43.24
|
20
|
45.95
|
|
3
|
Plain
Interlock
|
23
|
18
|
21.74
|
17
|
26.09
|
16
|
30.43
|
15
|
34.78
|
12
|
47.83
|
10
|
56.52
|
Table A6. Change
in weight loss% after bio-polishing:
|
Sample no
|
Sample name
|
Weight of
grey fabric in gram
|
Change
in fabric weight (gram) at 0.3% enzymes
|
% of Change
in fabric weight at 0.3% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric weight (gram) at 0.6% enzymes
|
% of Change
in fabric weight at 0.6% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric weight (gram) at 0.9% enzymes
|
% of Change
in fabric weight at 0.9% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric weight (gram) at 1.2% enzymes
|
% of Change
in fabric weight at 1.2% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric weight (gram) at 1.5% enzymes
|
% of Change
in fabric weight at 1.5% enzymes
|
Change
in fabric weight (gram) at 1.8% enzymes
|
% of Change
in fabric weight at 1.8% enzymes
|
|
1
|
Single jersey
|
5
|
4.5
|
10
|
4.5
|
10
|
4.5
|
10
|
4.45
|
11
|
4.4
|
12
|
4.4
|
12
|
|
2
|
(1x1) Rib
|
5
|
4.7
|
6
|
4.7
|
6.2
|
4.64
|
7.2
|
4.64
|
7.2
|
4.62
|
7.6
|
4.6
|
8
|
|
3
|
Plain
Interlock
|
5
|
4.88
|
2.4
|
4.9
|
3.14
|
4.825
|
3.5
|
4.81
|
3.8
|
4.8
|
4
|
4.78
|
4.4
|
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